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Carcelain G, Autran B. Immune interventions in HIV infection. But understanding such infections is hugely important to humankind. Viruses have been disregarded in other ways, too.
Consider the tree of life, a model and research tool used to depict evolution through time. Viruses are routinely left off, including in popular versions such as the Interactive Tree of Life. Without viruses, one cannot fully understand the mechanisms of evolution, says Hill. Viruses are wildly abundant. They infect all cellular life, from single-celled bacteria to elephants, and they are especially dense in the ocean, where they work as a gigantic recycling network, ripping apart 20 percent of the bacteria and other microbes there each day to release tons of carbon, which is then used by other microorganisms to grow.
Viral DNA is transmitted not only from one viral particle to its progeny, but also to other viruses and other species.
Because of this, viral genetic sequences have permanently taken up residence in the genomes of all organisms, including ours, and we rely on them.
Viral DNA is required for the formation of the mammalian placenta; it is crucial in the growth of early embryos; and the human innate immune system is made up, in part, of ancient viral proteins. When a person is fighting COVID, they are doing it with the help of viruses that colonized our cells long ago. Viruses are not a missing branch of the tree of life; they are woven into every limb and leaf.
Scientists may always dispute whether viruses are alive or not, but they can hopefully agree on the importance of viruses to life as we know it. Scientists and journalists share a core belief in questioning, observing and verifying to reach the truth. Science News reports on crucial research and discovery across science disciplines. We need your financial support to make it happen — every contribution makes a difference.
Vaccines provide immunity without the risk of an actual infection. A vaccine might include weakened or killed antigens. Once introduced into the body, these types of antigens cannot cause an infection. But they still can stimulate the body to make antibodies. Over time, vaccines have reduced the number of infections and deaths linked to many viral infections.
For example, vaccines have eliminated smallpox. The same is nearly true for polio; that disease continues to spread only in Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. But not all viruses are bad. Some infect harmful bacteria.
Even more fascinating: Bacteriophages can transfer the DNA from one bacterium to another — even if the two bacteria are different species. Scientists have learned to harness viruses to do good in another way, too.
These experts use the remarkable ability of viruses to infect cells. First, they alter the viruses to deliver genetic material to a cell.
When used this way, the virus is called a vector. Other viruses spread most easily through contact with other bodily fluids. For example, Ebola virus spreads from contact with infected blood, feces, or vomit. Unlike many other viruses, scientists think Ebola cannot spread through the air after people with the virus cough or sneeze. Still other viruses travel through an intermediary, like a mosquito, which then infects people by biting them. One example of these so-called mosquito-born diseases is dengue, which causes a potentially deadly flu-like infection.
The risk of dengue has risen in recent years, currently threatening roughly half of the global population, according to the World Health Organization.
Other notorious mosquito-born diseases include Zika, Chikungunya, and West Nile. Some scientists believe that viruses were fairly late to the evolutionary game, forming as remnants from cells that had somehow lost the ability to replicate. But other experts suggest that viruses could predate Earth's most ancient critters. The giant viruses have a surprising amount of independence compared to their tiny counterparts, so could have provided the building blocks of the diversity of life we know today.
By one hypothesis , the first complex life originated from a cell enveloping a virus or, alternatively, a failed viral takeover. Either way, the virus became a permanent cellular resident, forming the first nucleus.
However, scientists can't even agree on whether viruses are truly alive. To be considered a living thing, an organism must be able to grow, reproduce, and generate energy on its own.
Some researchers also suggest that living things must be able to respond to stimuli and evolve over time. Viruses can't generate their own energy, and though they can reproduce and even evolve with the assistance of a host, those functions are impossible for one of the tiny entities out on its own. Instead, Albert Erives of the University of Iowa suggests that viruses are more like vines wrapping around the many branches of the tree of life.
They can access and infect critters on each branch, racing to the top to evolve as their hapless hosts morph over time. All rights reserved. Bacteriophage viruses infect and replicate within bacteria, essentially taking them over.
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